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Marketing warfare strategies are a type of strategies, used in business and marketing, that try to draw parallels between business and warfare, and then apply the principles of military strategy to business situations, with competing firms considered as analogous to sides in a military conflict, and market share considered as analogous to the territory which is being fought over . It is argued that, in mature, low-growth markets, and when real GDP growth is negative or low, business operates as a zero-sum game. One person’s gain is possible only at another person’s expense. Success depends on battling competitors for market share. ==The use of marketing warfare strategies== Strategy is the organized deployment of resources to achieve specific objectives, something that business and warfare have in common. In the 1980s business strategists realized that there was a vast knowledge base stretching back thousands of years that they had barely examined. They turned to military strategy for guidance. Military strategy books like ''The Art of War'' by Sun Tzu, ''On War'' by von Clausewitz, and ''The Little Red Book'' by Mao Zedong became business classics. From Sun Tzu they learned the tactical side of military strategy and specific tactical proscriptions. In regard to what business strategists call "first-mover advantage", Sun Tzu said: "Generally, he who occupies the field of battle first and awaits an enemy is at ease, he who comes later to the scene and rushes into the fight is weary." From Von Clausewitz they learned the dynamic and unpredictable nature of military strategy. Clausewitz felt that in a situation of chaos and confusion, strategy should be based on flexible principles. Strategy comes not from formula or rules of engagement, but from adapting to what he called "friction" (minute by minute events). From Mao Zedong they learned the principles of guerrilla warfare. The first major proponents of marketing warfare theories was Philip Kotler〔(Kotler, P. and Singh, R. (1981) "Marketing warfare in the 1980s", ''Journal of Business Strategy'', winter 1981, pp. 30-41〕 and J. B. Quinn.〔(Quinn, J. (1980) ''Strategies for change|Strategies for change: Logical Incrementalism'', Irwin, Homewood Il〕 In an early description of business military strategy, Quinn claims that an effective strategy: "first probes and withdraws to determine opponents' strengths, forces opponents to stretch their commitments, then concentrates resources, attacks a clear exposure, overwhelms a selected market segment, builds a bridgehead in that market, and then regroups and expands from that base to dominate a wider field." The main marketing warfare books were: * ''Business War Games'' by Barrie James, 1984 * ''Marketing Warfare'' by Al Ries and Jack Trout, 1986 *(Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun ) by Wess Roberts, 1987 By the turn of the century marketing warfare strategies had gone out of favour. It was felt that they were limiting. There were many situations in which non-confrontational approaches were more appropriate. ''The Strategy of the Dolphin'' was developed in the mid-1990s to give guidance as to when to use aggressive strategies and when to use passive strategies. Today most business strategists stress that considerable synergies and competitive advantage can be gained from collaboration, partnering, and co-operation. They stress not how to divide up the market, but how to grow the market. Such are the vicissitudes of business theories. At last, a recent contribution for understanding and using marketing warfare strategies is the visual business war game proposed by S. Goria.〔(Goria, S. (2012) "How to adapt a tactical board wargame for marketing strategy identification" (), Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business (JISB), vol 2, n°3, 2012, pp. 12-27〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marketing warfare strategies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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